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Minggu, 09 Desember 2012

Cheese

Cheese is a generic term for a diverse group of milk-based food products. Cheese is produced in wide-ranging flavors, textures, and forms.
Cheese consists of proteins and fat from milk, usually the milk of cows, buffalo, goats, or sheep. It is produced by coagulation of the milk protein casein. Typically, the milk is acidified and addition of the enzyme rennet causes coagulation. The solids are separated and pressed into final form. Some cheeses have molds on the rind or throughout. Most cheeses melt at cooking temperature.
Hundreds of types of cheese are produced. Their styles, textures and flavors depend on the origin of the milk (including the animal's diet), whether they have been pasteurized, the butterfat content, the bacteria and mold, the processing, and aging. Herbs, spices, or wood smoke may be used as flavoring agents. The yellow to red color of many cheeses, such as Red Leicester, is formed from adding annatto.
For a few cheeses, the milk is curdled by adding acids such as vinegar or lemon juice. Most cheeses are acidified to a lesser degree by bacteria, which turn milk sugars into lactic acid, then the addition of rennet completes the curdling. Vegetarian alternatives to rennet are available; most are produced by fermentation of the fungus Mucor miehei, but others have been extracted from various species of the Cynara thistle family.
Cheese is valued for its portability, long life, and high content of fat, protein, calcium, and phosphorus. Cheese is more compact and has a longer shelf life than milk, although how long a cheese will keep may depend on the type of cheese; labels on packets of cheese often claim that a cheese should be consumed within three to five days of opening. Generally speaking, hard cheeses last longer than soft cheeses, such as Brie or goat's milk cheese. Cheesemakers near a dairy region may benefit from fresher, lower-priced milk, and lower shipping costs. The long storage life of some cheese, especially if it is encased in a protective rind, allows selling when markets are favorable. Additional ingredients may be added to some cheeses, such as black peppers, garlic, chives or cranberries.
A specialist seller of cheese is sometimes known as a cheesemonger. To become an expert in this field, like wine or cooking, requires some formal education and years of tasting and hands-on experience. This position is typically responsible for all aspects of the cheese inventory; selecting the cheese menu, purchasing, receiving, storage, and ripening.

Variations Bakso

  • Bakso urat: bakso filled with tendons and coarse meat
  • Bakso ayam: chicken bakso
  • Bakso bola tenis or bakso telur: tennis ball sized bakso with boiled chicken egg wrapped inside
  • Bakso gepeng: flat bakso
  • Bakso ikan: fish bakso (fish ball)
  • Bakso udang: shrimp bakso
  • Bakso Malang: A bowl of bakso dish from Malang city, East Java; complete with noodle, tofu, siomay and fried wonton
  • Bakso keju: new recipe bakso filled with cheese

Origin Bakso

The name Bakso originated from bak-so (肉酥, Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bah-so·), the Hokkien pronunciation for "shredded meat" (Rousong). This suggests that bakso has Indonesian Chinese cuisine origin. Today most of the bakso vendors are Javanese from Wonogiri (a town near Solo) and Malang. Bakso Solo and Bakso Malang are the most popular variant; the name comes from the city it comes from, Solo in Central Java and Malang in East Java. In Malang, Bakso Bakar (roasted bakso) is also popular. As most Indonesians are Muslim, generally Bakso is made from beef or is mixed with chicken.

Bakso

Bakso or baso is Indonesian meatball or meat paste made from beef surimi and is similar in texture to the Chinese beef ball, fish ball, or pork ball. Bakso is commonly made from beef with a small quantity of tapioca flour, however bakso can also be made from other ingredients, such as chicken, fish, or shrimp. Bakso are usually served in a bowl of beef broth, with yellow noodles, bihun (rice vermicelli), salted vegetables, tofu, egg (wrapped within bakso), Chinese green cabbage, bean sprout, siomay or steamed meat dumpling, and crisp wonton, sprinkled with fried shallots and celery. Bakso can be found all across Indonesia; from the traveling cart street vendors to restaurants. Today various types of ready to cook bakso also available as frozen food commonly sold in supermarkets in Indonesia. Slices of bakso often used and mixed as compliments in mi goreng, nasi goreng, or cap cai recipes.
Unlike other meatball recipes, bakso has a consistent firm, dense, homogeneous texture due to the polymerization of myosin in the beef surimi.

Sabtu, 08 Desember 2012

The Carterfone decision

For many years, the Bell System (AT&T) maintained a monopoly on the use of its phone lines, allowing only Bell-supplied devices to be attached to its network. Before 1968, AT&T maintained a monopoly on what devices could be electrically connected to its phone lines. This led to a market for 103A-compatible modems that were mechanically connected to the phone, through the handset, known as acoustically coupled modems. Particularly common models from the 1970s were the Novation CAT and the Anderson-Jacobson, spun off from an in-house project at Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International). Hush-a-Phone v. FCC was a seminal ruling in United States telecommunications law decided by the DC Circuit Court of Appeals on November 8, 1956. The District Court found that it was within the FCC's authority to regulate the terms of use of AT&T's equipment. Subsequently, the FCC examiner found that as long as the device was not physically attached it would not threaten to degenerate the system. Later, in the Carterfone decision of 1968, the FCC passed a rule setting stringent AT&T-designed tests for electronically coupling a device to the phone lines. AT&T's tests were complex, making electronically coupled modems expensive,[citation needed] so acoustically coupled modems remained common into the early 1980s.
In December 1972, Vadic introduced the VA3400. This device was remarkable because it provided full duplex operation at 1,200 bit/s over the dial network, using methods similar to those of the 103A in that it used different frequency bands for transmit and receive. In November 1976, AT&T introduced the 212A modem to compete with Vadic. It was similar in design to Vadic's model, but used the lower frequency set for transmission. It was also possible to use the 212A with a 103A modem at 300 bit/s. According to Vadic, the change in frequency assignments made the 212 intentionally incompatible with acoustic coupling, thereby locking out many potential modem manufacturers. In 1977, Vadic responded with the VA3467 triple modem, an answer-only modem sold to computer center operators that supported Vadic's 1,200-bit/s mode, AT&T's 212A mode, and 103A operation.

Modem

A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be used over any means of transmitting analog signals, from light emitting diodes to radio. The most familiar example is a voice band modem that turns the digital data of a personal computer into modulated electrical signals in the voice frequency range of a telephone channel. These signals can be transmitted over telephone lines and demodulated by another modem at the receiver side to recover the digital data.
Modems are generally classified by the amount of data they can send in a given unit of time, usually expressed in bits per second (bit/s, or bps), or bytes per second (B/s). Modems can alternatively be classified by their symbol rate, measured in baud. The baud unit denotes symbols per second, or the number of times per second the modem sends a new signal. For example, the ITU V.21 standard used audio frequency shift keying, that is to say, tones of different frequencies, with two possible frequencies corresponding to two distinct symbols (or one bit per symbol), to carry 300 bits per second using 300 baud. By contrast, the original ITU V.22 standard, which was able to transmit and receive four distinct symbols (two bits per symbol), handled 1,200 bit/s by sending 600 symbols per second (600 baud) using phase shift keying.

Modern era Cheese

Until its modern spread along with European culture, cheese was nearly unheard of in oriental cultures, in the pre-Columbian Americas, and only had limited use in sub-Mediterranean Africa, mainly being widespread and popular only in Europe, the Middle East and areas influenced by those cultures. But with the spread, first of European imperialism, and later of Euro-American culture and food, cheese has gradually become known and increasingly popular worldwide, though still rarely considered a part of local ethnic cuisines outside Europe, the Middle East, and the Americas.

The first factory for the industrial production of cheese opened in Switzerland in 1815, but it was in the United States where large-scale production first found real success. Credit usually goes to Jesse Williams, a dairy farmer from Rome, New York, who in 1851 started making cheese in an assembly-line fashion using the milk from neighboring farms. Within decades hundreds of such dairy associations existed.

The 1860s saw the beginnings of mass-produced rennet, and by the turn of the century scientists were producing pure microbial cultures. Before then, bacteria in cheesemaking had come from the environment or from recycling an earlier batch's whey; the pure cultures meant a more standardized cheese could be produced.
Factory-made cheese overtook traditional cheesemaking in the World War II era, and factories have been the source of most cheese in America and Europe ever since. Today, Americans buy more processed cheese than "real", factory-made or not.

Post-Roman Europe

As Romanized populations encountered unfamiliar newly-settled neighbors, bringing their own cheese-making traditions, their own flocks and their own unrelated words for cheese, cheeses in Europe diversified further, with various locales developing their own distinctive traditions and products. As long-distance trade collapsed, only travelers would encounter unfamiliar cheeses: Charlemagne's first encounter with a white cheese that had an edible rind forms one of the constructed anecdotes of Notker's Life of the Emperor. The British Cheese Board claims that Britain has approximately 700 distinct local cheeses; France and Italy have perhaps 400 each. (A French proverb holds there is a different French cheese for every day of the year, and Charles de Gaulle once asked "how can you govern a country in which there are 246 kinds of cheese?") Still, the advancement of the cheese art in Europe was slow during the centuries after Rome's fall. Many cheeses today were first recorded in the late Middle Ages or after— cheeses like Cheddar around 1500 CE, Parmesan in 1597, Gouda in 1697, and Camembert in 1791.
In 1546, The Proverbs of John Heywood claimed "the moon is made of a greene cheese." (Greene may refer here not to the color, as many now think, but to being new or unaged.) Variations on this sentiment were long repeated and NASA exploited this myth for an April Fools' Day spoof announcement in 2006.

Origins Cheese

Cheese is an ancient food whose origins predate recorded history. There is no conclusive evidence indicating where cheesemaking originated, either in Europe, Central Asia or the Middle East, but the practice had spread within Europe prior to Roman times and, according to Pliny the Elder, had become a sophisticated enterprise by the time the Roman Empire came into being.
Proposed dates for the origin of cheesemaking range from around 8000 BCE (when sheep were first domesticated) to around 3000 BCE. The first cheese may have been made by people in the Middle East or by nomadic Turkic tribes in Central Asia. Since animal skins and inflated internal organs have, since ancient times, provided storage vessels for a range of foodstuffs, it is probable that the process of cheese making was discovered accidentally by storing milk in a container made from the stomach of an animal, resulting in the milk being turned to curd and whey by the rennet from the stomach. There is a legend with variations about the discovery of cheese by an Arab trader who used this method of storing milk.
Cheesemaking may have begun independently of this by the pressing and salting of curdled milk to preserve it. Observation that the effect of making milk in an animal stomach gave more solid and better-textured curds may have led to the deliberate addition of rennet.
The earliest archeological evidence of cheesemaking has been found in Egyptian tomb murals, dating to about 2000 BCE. The earliest cheeses were likely to have been quite sour and salty, similar in texture to rustic cottage cheese or feta, a crumbly, flavorful Greek cheese.
Cheese produced in Europe, where climates are cooler than the Middle East, required less salt for preservation. With less salt and acidity, the cheese became a suitable environment for useful microbes and molds, giving aged cheeses their respective flavors.

Etymology Cheese

The word cheese comes from Latin caseus, from which the modern word casein is closely derived. The earliest source is from the proto-Indo-European root *kwat-, which means "to ferment, become sour".
More recently, cheese comes from chese (in Middle English) and cīese or cēse (in Old English). Similar words are shared by other West Germanic languages — West Frisian tsiis, Dutch kaas, German Käse, Old High German chāsi — all from the reconstructed West-Germanic form *kasjus, which in turn is an early borrowing from Latin.
When the Romans began to make hard cheeses for their legionaries' supplies, a new word started to be used: formaticum, from caseus formatus, or "molded cheese" (as in "formed", not "moldy"). It is from this word that the French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, Breton fourmaj, and Provençal furmo are derived. The word Cheese itself is occasionally employed in a sense that means "molded" or "formed". Head cheese uses the word in this sense.

Jumat, 07 Desember 2012

Battery (electricity)

In electricity, a battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first battery (or "voltaic pile") in 1800 by Alessandro Volta and especially since the technically improved Daniell cell in 1836, batteries have become a common power source for many household and industrial applications. According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates US$48 billion in sales each year, with 6% annual growth.
There are two types of batteries: primary batteries (disposable batteries), which are designed to be used once and discarded, and secondary batteries (rechargeable batteries), which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times. Batteries come in many sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.

History of Milk

Humans first learned to regularly consume the milk of other mammals following the domestication of animals during the Neolithic Revolution or the invention of agriculture. This development occurred independently in several places around the world from as early as 9000–7000 BC in Southwest Asia to 3500–3000 BC in the Americas. The most important dairy animals—cattle, sheep and goats—were first domesticated in Southwest Asia, although domestic cattle has been independently derived from wild auroch populations several times since. Initially animals were kept for meat, and archaeologist Andrew Sherratt has suggested that dairying, along with the exploitation of domestic animals for hair and labor, began much later in a separate secondary products revolution in the 4th millennium BC. Sherratt's model is not supported by recent findings, based on the analysis of lipid residue in prehistoric pottery, that show that dairying was practiced in the early phases of agriculture in Southwest Asia, by at least the 7th millennium BC.
From Southwest Asia domestic dairy animals spread to Europe (beginning around 7000 BC but not reaching Britain and Scandinavia until after 4000 BC), and South Asia (7000–5500 BC). The first farmers in central Europe and Britain milked their animals. Pastoral and pastoral nomadic economies, which rely predominantly or exclusively on domestic animals and their products rather than crop farming, were developed as European farmers moved into the Pontic-Caspian steppe in the 4th millennium BC, and subsequently spread across much of the Eurasian steppe. Sheep and goats were introduced to Africa from Southwest Asia, but African cattle may have been independently domesticated around 7000–6000 BC. Camels, domesticated in central Arabia in the 4th millennium BC, have also been used as a dairy animal in North Africa and the Arabian peninsula. In the rest of the world (i.e., East and Southeast Asia, the Americas and Australia) milk and dairy products were historically not a large part of the diet, either because they remained populated by hunter-gatherers who did not keep animals or the local agricultural economies did not include domesticated dairy species. Milk consumption became common in these regions comparatively recently, as a consequence of European colonialism and political domination over much of the world in the last 500 years.
In 1863, French chemist and biologist Louis Pasteur invented pasteurization, a method of killing harmful bacteria in beverages and food products.
After the industrial revolution in Britain, the increase in population and introduction of railways meant that the greater demand for milk could be met by integrated and long-distance distribution from the rural producers to the growing towns via rail by the 1860s. The Great Western Railway was carrying 25 million gallons of milk a year by 1900 from the West Country to London.
In 1884, Doctor Hervey Thatcher, an American inventor from New York, invented the first glass milk bottle, called 'Thatcher's Common Sense Milk Jar', which was sealed with a waxed paper disk. Later, in 1932, plastic-coated paper milk cartons were introduced commercially as a consequence of their invention by Victor W. Farris.

Milk

Milk is a white liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It is the primary source of nutrition for young mammals before they are able to digest other types of food. Early-lactation milk contains colostrum, which carries the mother's antibodies to the baby and can reduce the risk of many diseases in the baby.
Milk is an important drink with many nutrients.
World's dairy farms produced about 730 million tonnes of milk in 2011. India is the world's largest producer and consumer of milk, yet neither exports nor imports milk. New Zealand, the European Union's 27 member states, Australia, and the United States are the world's largest exporters of milk and milk products. China and Russia are the world's largest importers of milk and milk products.
Throughout the world, there are more than 6 billion consumers of milk and milk products, the majority of them in developing countries. Over 750 million people live within dairy farming households. Milk is a key contributor to improving nutrition and food security particularly in developing countries. Improvements in livestock and dairy technology offer significant promise in reducing poverty and malnutrition in the world.

Kamis, 06 Desember 2012

Primary batteries

Primary batteries can produce current immediately on assembly. Disposable batteries are intended to be used once and discarded. These are most commonly used in portable devices that have low current drain, are used only intermittently, or are used well away from an alternative power source, such as in alarm and communication circuits where other electric power is only intermittently available. Disposable primary cells cannot be reliably recharged, since the chemical reactions are not easily reversible and active materials may not return to their original forms. Battery manufacturers recommend against attempting to recharge primary cells.
Common types of disposable batteries include zinc–carbon batteries and alkaline batteries. In general, these have higher energy densities than rechargeable batteries, but disposable batteries do not fare well under high-drain applications with loads under 75 ohms (75 Ω).

Battery capacity and discharging

A battery's capacity is the amount of electric charge it can store. The more electrolyte and electrode material there is in the cell the greater the capacity of the cell. A small cell has less capacity than a larger cell with the same chemistry, and they develop the same open-circuit voltage.
Because of the chemical reactions within the cells, the capacity of a battery depends on the discharge conditions such as the magnitude of the current (which may vary with time), the allowable terminal voltage of the battery, temperature, and other factors. The available capacity of a battery depends upon the rate at which it is discharged. If a battery is discharged at a relatively high rate, the available capacity will be lower than expected.
The capacity printed on a battery is usually the product of 20 hours multiplied by the constant current that a new battery can supply for 20 hours at 68 F° (20 C°), down to a specified terminal voltage per cell. A battery rated at 100 A·h will deliver 5 A over a 20-hour period at room temperature. However, if discharged at 50 A, it will have a lower capacity.
The relationship between current, discharge time, and capacity for a lead acid battery is approximated (over a certain range of current values) by Peukert's law:
t = \frac {Q_P} {I^k}
where
Q_P is the capacity when discharged at a rate of 1 amp.
I is the current drawn from battery (A).
t is the amount of time (in hours) that a battery can sustain.
k is a constant around 1.3.
For low values of I internal self-discharge must be included.
Internal energy losses and limited rate of diffusion of ions through the electrolyte cause the efficiency of a real battery to vary at different discharge rates. When discharging at low rate, the battery's energy is delivered more efficiently than at higher discharge rates, but if the rate is very low, it will partly self-discharge during the long time of operation, again lowering its efficiency.
Installing batteries with different A·h ratings will not affect the operation of a device (except for the time it will work for) rated for a specific voltage unless the load limits of the battery are exceeded. High-drain loads such as digital cameras can result in delivery of less total energy, as happens with alkaline batteries. For example, a battery rated at 2000 mAh for a 10- or 20-hour discharge would not sustain a current of 1 A for a full two hours as its stated capacity implies.

Principle of operation

A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy. It consists of a number of voltaic cells; each voltaic cell consists of two half-cells connected in series by a conductive electrolyte containing anions and cations. One half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which anions (negatively charged ions) migrate, i.e., the anode or negative electrode; the other half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which cations (positively charged ions) migrate, i.e., the cathode or positive electrode. In the redox reaction that powers the battery, cations are reduced (electrons are added) at the cathode, while anions are oxidized (electrons are removed) at the anode. The electrodes do not touch each other but are electrically connected by the electrolyte. Some cells use two half-cells with different electrolytes. A separator between half-cells allows ions to flow, but prevents mixing of the electrolytes.
Each half-cell has an electromotive force (or emf), determined by its ability to drive electric current from the interior to the exterior of the cell. The net emf of the cell is the difference between the emfs of its half-cells, as first recognized by Volta. Therefore, if the electrodes have emfs \mathcal{E}_1 and \mathcal{E}_2, then the net emf is \mathcal{E}_{2}-\mathcal{E}_{1}; in other words, the net emf is the difference between the reduction potentials of the half-reactions.
The electrical driving force or \displaystyle{\Delta V_{bat}} across the terminals of a cell is known as the terminal voltage (difference) and is measured in volts. The terminal voltage of a cell that is neither charging nor discharging is called the open-circuit voltage and equals the emf of the cell. Because of internal resistance, the terminal voltage of a cell that is discharging is smaller in magnitude than the open-circuit voltage and the terminal voltage of a cell that is charging exceeds the open-circuit voltage. An ideal cell has negligible internal resistance, so it would maintain a constant terminal voltage of \mathcal{E} until exhausted, then dropping to zero. If such a cell maintained 1.5 volts and stored a charge of one coulomb then on complete discharge it would perform 1.5 joule of work. In actual cells, the internal resistance increases under discharge, and the open circuit voltage also decreases under discharge. If the voltage and resistance are plotted against time, the resulting graphs typically are a curve; the shape of the curve varies according to the chemistry and internal arrangement employed.
As stated above, the voltage developed across a cell's terminals depends on the energy release of the chemical reactions of its electrodes and electrolyte. Alkaline and zinc–carbon cells have different chemistries but approximately the same emf of 1.5 volts; likewise NiCd and NiMH cells have different chemistries, but approximately the same emf of 1.2 volts. On the other hand the high electrochemical potential changes in the reactions of lithium compounds give lithium cells emfs of 3 volts or more.

History of Battery

In strict terms, a battery is a collection of multiple electrochemical cells, but in popular usage battery often refers to a single cell. For example, a 1.5-volt AAA battery is a single 1.5-volt cell, and a 9-volt battery has six 1.5-volt cells in series. The first electrochemical cell was developed by the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta in 1792, and in 1800 he invented the first battery, a "pile" of many cells in series.
The usage of "battery" to describe electrical devices dates to Benjamin Franklin, who in 1748 described multiple Leyden jars (early electrical capacitors) by analogy to a battery of cannons. Thus Franklin's usage to describe multiple Leyden jars predated Volta's use of multiple galvanic cells. It is speculated, but not established, that several ancient artifacts consisting of copper sheets and iron bars, and known as Baghdad batteries may have been galvanic cells.
Volta's work was stimulated by the Italian anatomist and physiologist Luigi Galvani, who in 1780 noticed that dissected frog's legs would twitch when struck by a spark from a Leyden jar, an external source of electricity. In 1786 he noticed that twitching would occur during lightning storms. After many years Galvani learned how to produce twitching without using any external source of electricity. In 1791, he published a report on "animal electricity."[10] He created an electric circuit consisting of the frog's leg (FL) and two different metals A and B, each metal touching the frog's leg and each other, thus producing the circuit A–FL–B–A–FL–B...etc. In modern terms, the frog's leg served as both the electrolyte and the sensor, and the metals served as electrodes. He noticed that even though the frog was dead, its legs would twitch when he touched them with the metals.
Within a year, Volta realized the frog's moist tissues could be replaced by cardboard soaked in salt water, and the frog's muscular response could be replaced by another form of electrical detection. He already had studied the electrostatic phenomenon of capacitance, which required measurements of electric charge and of electrical potential ("tension"). Building on this experience, Volta was able to detect electric current through his system, also called a Galvanic cell. The terminal voltage of a cell that is not discharging is called its electromotive force (emf), and has the same unit as electrical potential, named (voltage) and measured in volts, in honor of Volta. In 1800, Volta invented the battery by placing many voltaic cells in series, piling them one above the other. This voltaic pile gave a greatly enhanced net emf for the combination, with a voltage of about 50 volts for a 32-cell pile. In many parts of Europe batteries continue to be called piles.
Volta did not appreciate that the voltage was due to chemical reactions. He thought that his cells were an inexhaustible source of energy, and that the associated corrosion effects at the electrodes were a mere nuisance, rather than an unavoidable consequence of their operation, as Michael Faraday showed in 1834. According to Faraday, cations (positively charged ions) are attracted to the cathode, and anions (negatively charged ions) are attracted to the anode.
Although early batteries were of great value for experimental purposes, in practice their voltages fluctuated and they could not provide a large current for a sustained period. Later, starting with the Daniell cell in 1836, batteries provided more reliable currents and were adopted by industry for use in stationary devices, in particular in telegraph networks where they were the only practical source of electricity, since electrical distribution networks did not exist at the time. These wet cells used liquid electrolytes, which were prone to leakage and spillage if not handled correctly. Many used glass jars to hold their components, which made them fragile. These characteristics made wet cells unsuitable for portable appliances. Near the end of the nineteenth century, the invention of dry cell batteries, which replaced the liquid electrolyte with a paste, made portable electrical devices practical.
Since then, batteries have gained popularity as they became portable and useful for a variety of purposes.

Rabu, 28 November 2012

Fine art Umayyad


Fine art at the time of the Umayyad heavily influenced by Byzantine art, as a result of the transfer of the seat of government of Islam from Mecca to Syria. This fine art exhibit many characteristics of early Christian art, which forms the basilica and tower. As can be seen in the Umayyad Mosque which originally was Johannes Church in Damascus. The interior of this mosque cultivated Greek artists from Constantinople.
At this time decorative mosaics and stucco are influenced by geometric repetition as a sign of the rapid growth of science. Besides typical field in the middle of the mosque began to be replaced by a large room that was closed dome.
At this time, also known as caliphs were very attentive to the preservation of the mosques, the Caliph Abdul Malik and the Caliph Al-walid. Caliph Abdul Malik built the Dome of the Rock (also known by the name of esh Quber Mosque and the Mosque of Umar Sakhra) been increased as a reminder of where the Prophet Muhammad to heaven on Isra-Miraj. In addition it also built the Al Aqsa Mosque.
The Umayyads also left many castles that have discrete, that is building in the middle of an isolated desert, although many have now broken. Examples are Kusair Amra Palace.

Islamic art


Islamic art is art that flourished in the time of birth until the end of the golden age of Islam. The range can be defined include the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, Middle East, and Europe since its advent of Islam in 571 AD to begin withdrawal of Turkish Ottoman rule. Although the real Islam and the arts spread much wider than that and still survive today.
Islamic art is a typical discussion with the principle of art that has specificity when compared to the art known at this time. But the role itself is quite large in the development of modern art. Among others in the appearance of contemporary elements such as abstraction and philosophy of beauty. Islamic art of calligraphy processing also bring inspiration into decorative motifs.
Decoration in Islamic art more to cover the true nature of the medium of architecture than are found in this period, the furniture. The decor is known as arabesque.
Remains of Islamic art form of many mosques, palaces, illustration books, and tapestries.

fine arts


Fine art is a branch of art that make up the artwork with the media could catch the eyes and felt with palpation. This impression is created by processing concept point, line, plane, shape, volume, color, texture, and lighting with aesthetic references.
Fine art in terms of its functions divided between pure art and applied art, the process of creating art purely focuses on purely mental expressions such as painting, applied art while the manufacturing process has a specific purpose and function of art as craft. Whereas, if the terms of shape and form, art is divided into two 2-dimensional art that has only length and width only, and 3-dimensional art that has length and space.
In rough translation of art in the English language is a fine art. But with the development of the modern art world, the term fine art to be more specific to the sense of pure art and then combined it with the design and craft into a discussion of the visual arts.

Pajoge


Pajoge is a kind of dance that originated from South Sulawesi, both Bugis and Makassar.
Dance pajoge usually displayed in the palace or the residence of the royalty by the girl who came from among the common people. At first dance is only an entertainment for men. The audience, usually of the royalty, sitting in a circle. The dancers dance circle. Each dancer dancing alone, singing and looking for partners in the audience. Then he would give betel leaves to the man who has been chosen. Men will be dancing with the girl.

earth


Earth is the third planet from the eight planets in the Solar System. Estimated to reach 4.6 billion year age. The distance between the Earth to the Sun is 149.6 million kilometers or 1 AU (English: Astronomical Unit). At the Earth's rotation is 23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds. While at the time of revolution is 365.25 days. Earth has a layer of air (atmosphere) and the so-called magnetic field (magnetosphere) that protect Earth's surface from the solar wind, ultraviolet light and radiation from space. This air layer surrounds the Earth to a height of about 700 kilometers. The air layer is divided into Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere.
The ozone layer, as high as 50 kilometers, are in the stratosphere and mesosphere and protects the Earth from ultraviolet rays. The difference in the surface temperature of the Earth is between -70 ° C to 55 ° C depending on the local climate. The day is divided into 24 hours, and a year on Earth equal to 365.2425 days. Earth has a mass weighing 59 760 billion tons, with a surface area of ​​510 million square kilometers. The density of the Earth (about 5,500 kilograms per cubic meter) is used as a unit of weight ratio of any other type of planet, the gravity of the Earth is set as 1.
The Earth has a diameter of 12,756 kilometers long. Earth's gravity is measured as 10 N kg-1 be a unit of measure of the gravity of other planets, the Earth's gravity is set as 1. Earth has one natural satellite is the moon. 70.8% of Earth's surface covered with water. Earth Air consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% water vapor, carbon dioxide and other gases.
Earth estimated to be made up in the Earth's core consists of iron-nickel-thick frozen 1370 kilometers with temperatures 4500 ° C, is also covered by a liquid outer core that is 2100 kilometers thick, and covered also by the 2800 kilometer-thick mantle of silica forming 83% content of the Earth and eventually completely covered by the Earth's crust about 85 kilometers thick.
Thinner crust on the ocean floor is about 5 kilometers. Earth's crust is divided to several parts and moving through the movement of tectonic plates (the theory of continental drift) that produce earthquakes.
The highest point on Earth's surface as high as Mount Everest is 8,848 meters and the deepest point is the Mariana trench in the Pacific with a depth of 10,924 meters. Lake Baikal is the deepest lake with a depth of 1637 meters, the largest lake is the Caspian Sea with an area of ​​394,299 km2.

Coal-forming material


Almost all of the coal-forming plants. The types of plants and coal-forming age by Diessel (1981) are as follows:
-Algae, from Pre-Cambrian Times to the Ordovician and single-celled. Very few coal deposit of this period.
-Silofita, from the Silurian Period to the Middle Devon, is derived from algae. Few coal deposit of this   
 period.
-Pteridofita, age of Upper Devonian to Upper Carboniferous. The main coal-forming material from Carbon  
 in Europe and North America. Plants without flowers and seeds, spores multiply and grow in warm 
 climates.
-Gimnospermae, a period ranging from Permian to Cretaceous Middle Ages. Heterosexual plants, seeds  
 encased in fruit, such as pine, contain high levels of sap (resin) high. Type Pteridospermae like  
 gangamopteris and Glossopteris is the main constituent Permian coal as in Australia, India and Africa.
-Angiosperms, from the Upper Cretaceous period until now. Modern plants, the fruit covering the seeds, the  
 male and female in one flower, less gummy than gimnospermae so that, in general, less well preserved.

The formation of acid rain

In simple terms, acid rain formation reaction as follows:

\begin{matrix}
S_{(s)}+O_{2(g)}\rightarrow SO_{2(g)} \\
2 SO_{2(g)}+O_{2(g)}\rightarrow 2 SO_{3(g)} \\
SO_{3(g)} +H_2O_{(l)}\rightarrow H_2SO_{4(aq)}\\
\end{matrix}


Evidence of an increase in acid rain derived from the analysis of polar ice. Looks pH levels to drop since the start of the Industrial Revolution from 6 to 4.5 or 4. Other information obtained from organisms known as diatoms which inhabit ponds. After many years, the dead organisms will settle in layers of sediment in the bottom of the pool. Diatom growth will increase at a certain pH, so the number of diatoms found in the bottom of the pool will show the pH changes on an annual basis when we look into each of these layers.

Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, the amount of emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere is increasing. Industries that use fossil fuels, especially coal, a major source of sulfur oxides is increasing. PH readings in industrial areas are sometimes recorded up to 2.4 (the acidity of vinegar). These sources, plus the transportation, are major contributors to acid rain.

The problem of acid rain not only increased in line with population growth and industrial but has evolved to become more widespread. The use of a high chimney to reduce local pollution contribute to the spread of acid rain, due to the release of greenhouse gas emissions will go to the regional air circulation which have greater reach. Often, acid rain occurs in areas far from the source, where the mountainous regions tend to earn more because of high rainfall here.

There is a close relationship between low pH with decreasing fish populations in lakes. pH below 4.5 is not possible for fish to live, while pH 6 or higher will help the growth of the fish population. Acid in the water will inhibit the enzyme production of trout larvae to come out of their eggs. Acid also bind toxic metals in the lake are like aluminum. Aluminum will cause some fish secrete excessive mucus around the gills so that the fish could hardly breathe. Phytoplankton growth is the source of fish food is also inhibited by high pH levels.

Plants affected by acid rain in various ways. Waxy coating on the leaves is broken so that the nutrients disappear so the plants are not resistant to the cold, fungi and insects. Root growth slows so fewer nutrients that can be taken, and essential minerals to be lost.

The ions are separated due to toxic acid rain became a major threat to humans. Copper in water affects outbreaks of diarrhea in children and aluminum contaminated water can cause Alzheimer's disease.

The greenhouse effect


All energy sources that exist on Earth comes from the Sun. Most of the energy in the form of short-wave radiation, including visible light. When this energy is reached the Earth's surface, it changes from light into heat that warms the Earth. The earth's surface will absorb some of the heat and reflect the rest. Some of this heat is tangible long-wave infrared radiation into space. However, most of the heat remains trapped in the Earth's atmosphere due to accumulated amount of greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and methane into the trap wave radiation. These gases absorb and reflect radiation emitted by the Earth and consequently heat will be stored on the surface of the Earth. This situation occurs continuously, resulting in an annual average temperature of the earth continues to rise.
These gases may act as a greenhouse gas. With increasing concentrations of these gases in the atmosphere, the more heat is trapped beneath it.
The greenhouse effect is needed by all living things on earth, because without it, the planet would be very cool. With an average temperature of 15 ° C (59 ° F), the earth actually had more hot 33 ° C (59 ° F) from the original temperature, if there is no greenhouse effect of the earth's temperature is only -18 ° C so that the ice will cover the entire the Earth's surface. However, on the contrary, if these gases in the atmosphere has been excessive, will cause global warming.

Selasa, 27 November 2012

History of the Internet


The Internet is a computer network established by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1969, through a project called ARPANET ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency Network), where they demonstrated how the computer hardware and software based on UNIX, we can make communication within the infinity through the telephone line.
ARPANET project designing a network, reliability, how much information can be transferred, and eventually all of the standards that they set into the embryo development of a new protocol which is now known as TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol).
The initial purpose of the project was built for military purposes. At that time the Department of Defense of the United States (U.S. Department of Defense) create a system of computer networks to connect computers scattered in areas vital to tackle the problem in case of nuclear attack and to avoid centralized information, which in the event of war can easily be destroyed.
At first ARPANET only 4 sites linking only the Stanford Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of Utah, where they form an integrated network in 1969, and in general the ARPANET was introduced in October 1972. Not long after the project is growing rapidly in all regions, and all universities in the country wants to join, thus making it difficult to set the ARPANET.
Therefore ARPANET split widened two, namely "MILNET" for military purposes and the "ARPANET" new smaller for non-military purposes, such as universities. Combined both networks eventually known as the DARPA Internet, which then reduces to the Internet.

Camera SLR (Single Lens Reflect)


In SLR cameras, the light that enters the camera's eye deflected photographer so photographers get the identical shade that will be formed. When the photographer pressed the shutter speed button, the light will be deflected back into the medium (or film). SLR camera lenses can be changed at will change, well liked the photo expert, or hobby, lens holder on different objects depending on the camera body camera brands, ranging from wide-angle lens (wide angle), telephoto (long distance), and a normal lens (standard 50 mm), is also a long zoom lens with lens varying

The origin of the name Pinrang


There are several versions of the origin of the name Pinrang Pinrang developed in the community itself.
The first version of the call that comes from Bugis Pinrang the word "benrang" which means "water pool" can also mean "swamp". This is caused by the early opening of the exact area Pinrang currently Pinrang downtown district is still a low area that is often flooded and marshy.
The second version says that it is caused by the one time King Sawitto named La Dorommeng La Paleteange, free of exile from the kingdom of Gowa the help Baso White Panca Enrekang and assisted the brave troops of Kampung Kaluppini Enrekang. The arrival was welcomed by his people, but they were amazed because the king's face changed and they said "Pinra bawangngi tappana puatta pole Gowa", which means changing it faces from Gowa Our Master. Then after that people started calling the area as a means Pinra changed, the future of local communities transform into Pinrang mention.
Another source said the former settlement of Pinrang swamps inundated always makes people move constantly looking for residential areas that are free standing water, moving or changing settlements in the Bugis language called "PINRA-PINRA ONROANG". Once people find a good settlement, the place was given the name: PINRA-PINRA.
Of the two different histories was born the same term, namely "PINRA", then said it was in development is influenced by intonation and dialect Bugis to become Pinrang currently enshrined into the name of Pinrang.

Sop Konro

This dish is in the form of soup or stew burned with basic ingredients such as cow or buffalo ribs, cooked / baked with spices coriander, cumin, lemongrass, kaloa, onion, garlic, salt, mashed vitsin already. Sop Konro generally served / eaten with white rice and sambal.

Coto Makassar

This dish is one of the "trade mark" culinary Makassar form soupy soup with the ingredients comprising the intestine, liver, brain, or horse beef, cooked with herbs lemongrass, galangal, coriander, cumin, onion, garlic, salt that has been refined, bay leaf, lemon juice, and nuts. In general, Coto Makassar served / eaten with a diamond. While still living in Makassar first, I often eat this dish, especially when you're sick with the flu / cold. Guaranteed, when eaten with spicy sambal sauce coto when inhaled while chewing the diamond, it would colds "bablas" with sweat pouring.

Bodo outfit South Sulawesi


is a Bugis-Makassar traditional dresses worn by women. While Lipa 'Sabbe is a silk sheath, usually patterned box and used as subordinate bodo clothes.

It is said that long ago, there are regulations regarding the use bodo clothes. Each color manunjukkan women ages wear.
1. Orange, worn by women aged 10 years.
2. Orange and red blood used by women aged 10-14 years.
3. The red color of blood for 17-25 years.
4. The white color is used by the host and shaman.
5. The green color reserved for royalty princess
6. Purple color worn by widows.

In addition to usage rules bodo's clothes, formerly also still frequently found Bugis-Makassar women who wear clothes Bodo as party wear, for example wedding. But today, these traditional dresses are being eroded by the changing times. Clothes bodo now marginalized, replaced by a modern kebaya dress, evening dress that she fashionable, or dresses are simple and follow the trend.

Despite the keterpinggirannya, clothes worn by bodo now fixed bride in a wedding reception or ceremony. Similarly to his passappi' (escort the bride, usually children). Also used by a fence ayu.

Newton's laws of motion

Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that form the basis of classical mechanics. This law describes the relationship between the forces acting on an object and the motion they produce. This law has been written with a different pembahasaan for nearly three centuries, and can be summarized as follows:

First Law: Every object will have a constant velocity unless a non-zero resultant force acting on the object. Meaning if the resultant force is zero, then the center of mass of an object remains at rest or moving at a constant speed (not accelerating).
Second Law: A body of mass M having the resultant force of F will accelerate a direction similar to the direction of the force, and the magnitude is proportional to F and inversely proportional to M. or F = Ma. It could also mean the resultant force acting on an object is equal to the derivative of the linear momentum of the object with respect to time.
Third Law: action and reaction force of two objects have the same magnitude, the direction reversed, and the line. This means that if an object A, which gives a force of F on object B, then object B will give a force of-F to object A. F and-F have the same magnitude but different direction. This law is also known as the action-reaction law, with F called the action and-F is a reaction.

The three laws of motion was first summarized by Isaac Newton in his Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, first published on July 5, 1687. Newton used his work to explain and investigate the motion of a variety of physical objects and systems. For example, in the third volume of the text, Newton showed that the laws of motion combines with the general law of gravity, he can explain Kepler's laws of planetary movements belong.

Electrostatic Discharge

The history begins with the observed electrical amber or resin material which in Greek means the electrons, which if the material is rubbed with a furry animal skin will be able to draw objects subtle light after sticking to it and refuse. The nature of such apparently transmitted to other objects disinggungkan or attached to it, which is why the object was then said to be charged "keambaran" or resinious. The same thing apparently happened with glass rubbed with silk cloth, which makes the transmission of other objects attached to it charged "kekacaan" or vitrious. In 1733, Francois du Fay discovered the fact that in nature there are only two types of cargo, that is cargo resinious and vitrious, and the two objects are the same charge will repel and opposite two objects attract each other if the charges do not. Then Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) found that the two types of cargo and vitrious resinious that when combined will cancel each other out as well as positive and negative numbers. Since then charge resinious called a negative electrical charge and vitrious called with a positive electrical charge. Continuing the Michelson and Carlisle of electrolysis, Michael Faraday (1791-1867) in 1883 suggested terkuantisasinya electrical charge to units of cargo, which by Stoney in 1874, powered by JJ Thomson in 1897, hypothesized the existence of particles unit electric charge carriers are then called elekron. As the resin, the electron is said to produce a negative electrical charge then elektronpun be electrically charged negative.

Coulomb law

Although J.C. Maxwell (1831-1879) managed to integrate all electrical laws and formulas in the form of four equations were then known as maxwell equations such that all phenomena can be explained by electrical always or translated from the fourth equation, essentially four equations that can be integrated into or can be translated of Coulomb's law:
''F''= k\dfrac{q1.q2}{r^2}
namely that states that the force between two electric charges q1 and q2 will be proportional to the number of electric charges respectively, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance (r) between two electrical charges, as well as depending on the medium in which it is the second charge, that the formulation set medium by a constant k. So Coulomb's law is a fundamental law in the science of electricity, which underlies all applicable laws and electrical formulas, as well as law 'initials Newton mechanics underlying the laws and formulas mechanics. In the mks system of units, medium constants k inscribed as 1 / (4 π ε), so that a form of Coulomb's law:
''F''=\dfrac{q1.q2}{4 \pi \epsilon r^2} 
and ε is called the permittivity of the medium. With positive F means force that repel and opposite negative F means of attraction.

Law of Conservation of Momentum

Just like energy, under certain conditions, the momentum of a system will be eternal or unchanging. To provide an understanding of it, it will use the concept of mass center. For example if there is a system consisting of multiple objects with a mass moving with velocity, respectively, then the speed of the center of mass of the system are:
\mathbf{v_{cm}} = { \displaystyle\sum m_i \mathbf{v}_i \over \displaystyle\sum m_i }.
And if the system is moving with accelerated with the acceleration, respectively, then the acceleration of the center of mass of the system are:
\mathbf{a_{cm}} = { \displaystyle\sum m_i \mathbf{a}_i \over \displaystyle\sum m_i }.
Now if the objects are each assigned a style, then these objects each have acceleration:
\mathbf{a_{i}} = { \mathbf{F_i} \over m_i }.
So the acceleration of the center of mass of the system can be expressed as:
\mathbf{a_{cm}} = { \displaystyle\sum \mathbf{F}_i \over \displaystyle\sum m_i }.
Notasi \displaystyle\sum \mathbf{F}_i. a notation stating the resultant force acting on the system. If the resultant force acting on the system is zero (\displaystyle\sum \mathbf{F}_i = 0),then the system is not accelerated (\displaystyle\sum \mathbf{a}_i = 0). If the system is not accelerating, it means the system is the speed of the center of mass of the system is constant (\mathbf{v_{cm}} = constant).So it can be concluded that:
\displaystyle\sum m_i \mathbf{v}_i = constant.
The notation above is a notation of the law of conservation of momentum. So the total momentum of a system is always conserved only if the resultant force acting on the system is zero.

Resurrection and judgment

Belief in the "Day of Resurrection", Yawm al-Qiyāmah is also crucial for Muslims. They believe the time of Qiyāmah is preordained by God but unknown to man. The trials and tribulations preceding and during the Qiyāmah are described in the Qur'an and the hadith, and also in the commentaries of scholars. The Qur'an emphasizes bodily resurrection, a break from the pre-Islamic Arabian understanding of death.

On Yawm al-Qiyāmah, Muslims believe all mankind will be judged on their good and bad deeds. The Qur'an lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell, such as disbelief and dishonesty; however, the Qur'an makes it clear God will forgive the sins of those who repent if he so wills. Good deeds, such as charity and prayer, will be rewarded with entry to heaven. Muslims view heaven as a place of joy and bliss, with Qur'anic references describing its features and the physical pleasures to come. Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God.

Prophets

Muslims identify the prophets of Islam as those humans chosen by God to be his messengers. According to the Qur'an the descendants of Abraham and Imran were chosen by God to bring the "Will of God" to the peoples of the nations. Muslims believe that prophets are human and not divine, though some are able to perform miracles to prove their claim. Islamic theology says that all of God's messengers preached the message of Islam—submission to the will of God. The Qur'an mentions the names of numerous figures considered prophets in Islam, including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus, among others. Muslims believe that God finally sent Muhammad (Seal of the Prophets) to convey the divine message to the whole world (to sum up and to finalize the word of God). In Islam, the "normative" example of Muhammad's life is called the Sunnah (literally "trodden path"). This example is preserved in traditions known as hadith ("reports"), which recount his words, his actions, and his personal characteristics. Hadith Qudsi is a sub-category of hadith, regarded as the words of God repeated by Muhammad differing from the Quran in that they are "expressed in Muhammad's words", whereas the quran are the "direct words of God". The classical Muslim jurist ash-Shafi'i (d. 820) emphasized the importance of the Sunnah in Islamic law, and Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad's actions in their daily lives. The Sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Qur'an. Six of these collections, compiled in the 3rd century AH (9th century CE), came to be regarded as especially authoritative by the largest group in Islām, the Sunnites. Another large group, the Shīʾah, has its own Ḥadīth contained in four canonical collections.

Articles of faith

The core beliefs of Islam are that there is only one god – unitary and beyond comprehension – and that Muhammad is the prophet of God, the last in a series of prophets beginning with Adam. The Qur'an is upheld as the eternal, literal word of God, and revelations to earlier prophets, as seen in the Jewish Torah and Christian Gospels, are believed to have become distorted by human intervention. Muslims believe that the Qur’an was revealed to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel, and belief in angels as God’s servants is part of the Islamic tradition. Belief in the Day of Judgment, when all people will undergo bodily resurrection and be judged by God, is another core tenet. While Sunni and Shi’a Muslims adhere to these basic beliefs, Shi’a also believe in the Imamate, the line of infallible spiritual and political leaders who succeeded Muhammad, beginning with his cousin and son-in-law, Ali.

Etymology and meaning

Islam is a verbal noun originating from the triliteral root s-l-m which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness, safeness and peace. In a religious context it means "voluntary submission to God". Muslim, the word for an adherent of Islam, is the active participle of the same verb of which Islām is the infinitive. Believers demonstrate submission to God by serving God and following his commands, and rejecting polytheism. The word sometimes has distinct connotations in its various occurrences in the Qur'an. In some verses (ayat), there is stress on the quality of Islam as an internal conviction: "Whomsoever God desires to guide, He expands his breast to Islam." Other verses connect islām and dīn (usually translated as "religion"): "Today, I have perfected your religion (dīn) for you; I have completed My blessing upon you; I have approved Islam for your religion." Still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God—more than just a verbal affirmation of faith. Another technical meaning in Islamic thought is as one part of a triad of islam, imān (faith), and ihsān (excellence) where it represents acts of service (`ibādah) and Islamic law (sharia).

Senin, 26 November 2012

Adobe Dreamweaver

Adobe Dreamweaver is a web page editing program output Adobe Systems formerly known as Macromedia Macromedia Dreamweaver output. The program is widely used by web developers because of its attractive and ease of use. The latest version of Macromedia Dreamweaver before Macromedia was purchased by Adobe Systems which is version 8. The latest version of Dreamweaver output is version 12 of Adobe Systems is in the Adobe Creative Suite 6 (often abbreviated Adobe CS6).

Macromedia


Macromedia is a software company engaged in the field of graphic and web development. The company was founded in 1992 and has grown rapidly in the 1990s and early 2000s. In December 2005, Macromedia acquired a rival company, Adobe Systems, Adobe temporary but is still using Macromedia name on a number of programs.
Macromedia was established in 1992 through the merger of Authorware Inc.. (manufacturer of Authorware) and MacroMind-Paracomp (Macromind manufacturers Director). Until the mid-1990s, Macromedia Director is used to produce CD-ROMs and information kiosks Macromedia is still a superior product, but with increasing popularity of the World Wide Web creating Macromedia Shockwave, a web browser plugin for the Director and in 1996 acquired two companies web-oriented, FutureWave software (which makes FutureSplash Animator - which later evolved into Flash) and iBand software (makers of HTML authoring software - which is used as a basis for developing Dreamweaver).
Macromedia acquired Allaire in 2001, which develops ColdFusion before eventually own in 2005 Macromedia was purchased by Adobe.

Features Photoshop


Although it was originally designed to edit images for paper-based printing, Photoshop is also used to produce images for the World Wide Web. Some versions also include an additional application, Adobe ImageReady, for this purpose.
Photoshop also has strong ties with some software for media editing, animation, and other Adobe authoring. Native Photoshop file format,. PSD, can be exported to and from Adobe ImageReady. Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Premiere Pro, After Effects, and Adobe Encore DVD to make professional DVDs, provide non-linear image editing and special effects services such as backgrounds, textures, etc for television, movies, and websites. For example, Photoshop CS broadly supports making menus and buttons (button) DVD.
Photoshop can accept the use of multiple color models:

-RGB color models
-Lab color models
-CMYK color models
-grayscale
-bitmap
-duotone

The latest version, released in 2005, is version 9. The program is marketed under the name "Photoshop CS2." "CS" reflects its integration with applications Photoshop "Adobe Creative Suite and is called" 2 "because it is the second version released since Adobe to integrate the two products. There are some in addition to Photoshop CS2 such as multiple layer and selecting" warp, "curve version of the transform tool and the color replacement tool, previously present as a plug-in 8BF.
For photography enthusiasts, Adobe provides a filter "reduce grain" (reduced grain) that can help optimize photos taken in low light. To "clarify" CS product differences with previous products Photoshop, Adobe Photshop eliminate eye symbol, which was presented in a form different from version 3 to version 7. Photshop CS and CS2 now use fur as an icon and a form of identification.

Adobe Photoshop


Adobe Photoshop, or Photoshop commonly called, is made ​​in the image editor software Adobe Systems is devoted to editing photos / drawings and manufacturing effects. The software is widely used by digital photographers and advertising company that is considered as the market leader (market leader) for image processing software / photos, and, together with Adobe Acrobat, is regarded as the best product ever produced by Adobe Systems. Eighth version of the application is called by the name of Photoshop CS (Creative Suite), version called Adobe Photoshop CS2 nine, ten version called Adobe Photoshop CS3 version of Adobe Photoshop CS4 is the eleventh, twelfth version is Adobe Photoshop CS5, and the last version (thirteenth) is Adobe Photoshop CS6.
Photoshop is available for Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Mac OS; versions 9 and above can also be used by other operating systems such as Linux using software such as CrossOver.

Ritual Pinisi development


Sacrifice for pinisi boat building is one in which the splendor pinisi dilahirkan.Para traditional boat builders, namely: people Ara, Tana Lemo and Bira, who inherited the tradition from generation to generation marine ancestors. The ritual is also still characterize the process of making this boat, Good day to collect firewood typically falls on the fifth and seventh month. Figures 5 (naparilimai dalle'na) which means the provision already in hand. While the number 7 (natujuangngi dalle'na) means always sustenance. After a day can be good, then foreman called a "retainer" to lead the search.
Before the trees are cut, a ceremony to exorcise the wood dwellers. A chicken used as a sacrifice to be offered to the spirits. Types of trees were felled timber is adapted to function. Cutting wood for the board is always adjusted to the direction of the wood grain that terjamm strength. After all the wood sufficient, then collected for dikeringkan.Pembuatan pinisi Tanah Beru boat.
Keel laying ceremony was also wearing special. When cutting, keel positioned toward the Northeast. Keel beam front is a symbol of man. Medium beam rear keel interpreted as a symbol of women. Once blessed, the part that will be cut are marked with a chisel. Cutting is done with a chainsaw should be done at once without stopping. Therefore, cuts must be made by the powerful strong.
The tip paid off already cut should not touch the ground. When the front of the beam is broken, the pieces had to be rushed to be thrown into the sea. Pieces that become objects repellent reinforcements and made allusions As a husband that is ready to fish for a living. While the rear of the keel beam pieces kept in the home, is figured as a sailor's wife who faithfully waited for her husband to go home and bring good fortune.
Keel clamp mounting board, accompanied by Kalebiseang ceremony. Anjarreki ceremony is to strengthen the hull, followed by the preparation of the board from the bottom with a width up to the size of the smallest to the widest. The total number of base board to the boat pinisi is 126 sheets. Once the board is composed terrace, followed by installation of a laid aft rudder bottom.
If the body boats have been completed, proceed with the work a'panisi, which put rags in between boards. To glue board connection so strong, used a type of tree bark barruk. Furthermore, do allepa, ie caulking. Materials made from a mixture of lime putty and coconut oil. The mixture is stirred for 12 hours, treated at least 6 people. To ship 100 tons, required 20 kg of body putty ship. The final touch is rubbing putty with papaya skin.
The process of birth pinisi adalan last release. The ceremony was held again congratulations. Slipway Appasili ceremony begins with the ritual that aims to deny reinforcements. Completeness of the ceremony in the form of a bundle consisting of foliage leaves sidinging, sinrolo, taha tinappasa, taha siri, and panno-panno tied with pimping. Foliage incorporated into the water and then sprinkled with wagging way around the boat. For boats with less weight and 100 tons, usually cut a goat. While for ships of 100 tons or more, cut a cow. Furthermore, there is a ceremony awarding ceremony Ammossi the center in mid-hull boat and then the boat pulled into the sea. The provision of this center is a term that is based on the belief that the boat is a 'child' retainer or Panrita Lopi thus based on the belief that cutting ceremony symbolizes ammossi umbilical cord of a newborn. When pinisi already floating in the sea, then mounted display and two poles. The screen of seven. Boats are launched usually ready with crew. Implemented slipway at high tide and the sun is rising. Retainer aka foreman, as the lead implementing ceremony, seated on the left in full. Prayer or rather spell was spoken.

Pinisi is a traditional sailing boat from Indonesia

Pinisi is a traditional sailing boat from Indonesia, who came from the tribe Bugis and Makassar in South Sulawesi village of Bira district rather than Bonto Maritime Bulukumba. Pinisi actually a screen name. These ships generally have two main masts and seven screens, three on the front end, two in front and two behind; generally used for the transport of goods between islands. Two main mast is based on two sentences creed and fruit tujuah screen is the sum of the surah Al-Fatihah. Pinisi is a ship that uses this type of display screen schooner with two poles with seven strands of the screen and also has a meaning that the ancestors of the Indonesian nation capable mengharungi seven great oceans of the world.

Pinisi timber ships have been used in Indonesia for several centuries ago, is expected to ship pinisi existed before the 1500s. According to the script I Lontarak Chronicle La Lagaligo in the 14th century, first made by Pinisi Sawerigading, Crown Prince Royal Luwu to sail to China had wanted to woo the Chinese princess named We Cudai.
Sawerigading succeeded to the country of China and memperisteri Puteri We Cudai. After a long stay in the country of China, Sawerigading kekampung back home by using Pinisinya to Luwu. Towards the entry Luwu waters and big waves buffeted the ship split Pinisi three stranded in the village of Ara, Tanah Lemo and Bira. Three villages are communities assemble the pieces of the ship into the boat which was later renamed Pinisi. People Ara is the maker of the hull, in Tana Lemo ship assembled and Bira people who designed the ship into the screen Pinisi and seventh born of the thinking of those Bira.
That said, this Pinisi name taken from the name of someone named Pinisi itself. Once when he sailed up the coast of Bira. He saw a barrage of ships around the ocean there, he was later reprimanded one of his captains the ship that uses a screen that still need to be improved. Since then the Bira thinking and designing the screen in such a way and ultimately shaped Pinisi screen that it is today. Top warning the person that the people Bira gave it the name Pinisi screen.

quantum chemistry

Quantum chemistry mathematically describes the fundamental behavior of matter at the molecular level. In principle, it is possible to describe all chemical systems using this theory. In practice, only the simplest chemical systems may realistically be investigated in purely quantum mechanical terms, and approximations must be made for most practical purposes (eg, Hartree-Fock, post-Hartree-Fock or density functional theory, see computational chemistry for more details) . Therefore, understanding of quantum mechanics is not necessary for most chemistry, as the important implications of the theory (principally the orbital approximation) can be understood and applied in simpler terms.

In quantum mechanics (several applications in computational chemistry and quantum chemistry), Hamiltonian, or physical, of a particle can be expressed as the sum of two operators, one associated with the kinetic energy and the potential energy. Hamiltonian in the Schrödinger wave equation used in quantum chemistry has no terminology for electrons round.

Completion of the Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen atom gives the shape of the wave function for the atomic orbitals, and the relative energies of the 1s, 2s, 2p and 3p. Orbital approximation can be used to understand other atoms such as helium, lithium, and carbon.

The chemical reaction

A chemical reaction is a transformation / alteration in the molecular structure. These reactions can result in molecules to form larger molecules, molecules into two or more smaller molecules, or penataulangan atoms in the molecule. Chemical reactions usually involve the making or breaking of chemical bonds.

States of matter

Phase is a collection of state of a macroscopic physical system that is relatively serbasama both their chemical composition and properties of physical properties (eg density, crystal structure, index of refraction, and so forth). Examples of phases that we know is a solid, liquid, and gas. Less familiar phases include plasmas, Bose-Einstein condensation, and condensation Fermions. State phase of the magnetic material is paramagnetic and ferromagnetic.

chemical bonds

Chemical bond is the force that holds the gathering of atoms in a molecule or crystal. In many simple compounds, valence bond theory and the concept of oxidation number can be used to predict molecular structure and composition. Similarly, theories from classical physics can be used to predict many ionic structures. In more complex compounds / complicated, such as metal complexes, valence bond theory can not be used due to a deeper understanding are necessary on the basis of quantum mechanics.